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Menarche, Stillbirths, and Pregnancy Loss Influence Peripheral Arterial Disease Risk in Women

3 Jul 2025 • A study of over 272,000 women found strong associations between reproductive history and peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

Key Findings:

  • Early (<12 years) or late (>14 years) menarche increased PAD risk (HRs 1.43 and 1.36), while each year delay in first birth reduced it (HR 0.95).
  • Miscarriages, stillbirths, and abortions raised risk per event (HRs 1.06, 1.18, and 1.09).
  • Protective factors included later menopause, longer reproductive lifespan, and oral contraceptive use (HR 0.85).
  • Hysterectomy and oophorectomy each raised PAD risk by 24%. Having ≥4 children increased PAD risk in both women (HR 1.13) and men (HR 1.25).

Findings highlight the need to include reproductive history in cardiovascular risk assessments.

Source: Science Direct | Read Full Story

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